CBSE Solutions for Class 10 English

GSEB std 10 science solution for Gujarati check Subject Chapters Wise::

What do you mean by speciation?

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જવાબ : Evolution of reproductive isolation among once interbreeding population.


What is evolution?

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જવાબ : Formation of new species due to gradual change over a long period of time.


What determines the sex of a child?

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જવાબ : Whether a child inherits X chromosome or Y chromosome from father determines the sex of the child.


What is Heredity?

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જવાબ : It refers to the transmission of characters or traits from the parent to their offspring.


Give as example where sex determination is regulated hy invironmental factors.

 

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જવાબ : In snail, sex is determined by environmental factors such as temperature.


Name any two organisms which are now extinct and are studied from their fossils.

 

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જવાબ : Ammonite, trilobite, knightia and Rajasaurus.


Name the scientist who said life originated from inanimate matter.

 

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જવાબ : J.R.S. Haldane.


Where did life originate on earth?

 

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જવાબ : Life originated in the sea water.


Write the scientific name of men and garden pea. [DoE]

 

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જવાબ : Men- Homo sapiens Garden pea- Pisum sativum


A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding pea plants bearing violet flowers with pea plants bearing white flowers. What will be the result in F1 progeny? [CBSE 2018]

 

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જવાબ : All plants in Fj generation will bear violet flowers.


Why is the progeny always tall when a tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant? [Foreign 2014]

 

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જવાબ : Some genes are dominant and others are recessive. Tallness is a dominant trait and hence the progeny is always tall when crossed with a short plant.


What is monohybrid cross? [DoE]

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જવાબ : The cross between two individuals with one pair of contrasting characters is called monohybrid cross.


Why do mice whose tails were surgically removed just after birth for generations, continue to produce mice with tails? [Foreign 2014]

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જવાબ : Because cutting of tail is an acquired trait and is not inherited.


No two individuals are absolutely alike in a population. Why? [DoE]

.

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જવાબ : It is because of the variations which take place during DNA copying.


What is DNA? [Delhi 2016]

 

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જવાબ : Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a molecule which carry the hereditary characters or traits in a coded form from one generation to the next in all the organisms.


Define genetic drift.

 

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જવાબ : The change in the frequency of certain genes in a population over generations.


Who is the father of Genetics? [DoE]

 

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જવાબ : Gregor Johann Mendel is the father of genetics.


Where are genes located? [DoE]

 

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જવાબ : Genes are located on DNA present in chromosomes.


Name the genetic material that is responsible for inheritance of traits [Foreign 2013]

 

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જવાબ : Gene.


Name the branch of science that deals with heredity and variation. [DoE]

 

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જવાબ : Genetics


What is a gene? [HOTS, DoE]

 

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જવાબ : Gene is the unit of inheritance. It is the part of a chromosome which controls the appearance of a set of hereditary characters.


Name two human traits which show variation. [DoE]

 

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જવાબ : (i) Colours of eye
(ii) Height


Define vanation. [DoE]

 

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જવાબ : Variation is defined as the differences in the characters or traits among the individuals of a species.


All the variationsin a species do not have equal chances of survival. Why? [Foreign 2014]

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જવાબ : All the variations do not have equal chances of survival as some variations might not be beneficial and would ultimately be eliminated.


Why variations are more in human beings?

 

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જવાબ : Because human being reproduce sexually and variation are more in sexually reproducing organisms.


Transitional fossils like ……….. is a connecting link between reptiles and birds.

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જવાબ : Archaeopteryx


The process by which new species develop from the existing species is known as ……….. .

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જવાબ : speciation


If a sperm carrying ‘X’ chromosome fertilises an ovum, then the child bom will be a ……….. .

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જવાબ : girl


……….. proposed the “Theory of Natural Selection”.

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જવાબ : Charles Darwin


The number of X chromosomes in a human ovum is ……….. .

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જવાબ : two


In Mendel’s experiment, the trait which did not appear in the F1 generation was said to be …………. .

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જવાબ : recessive


The wings of a bird and mosquito are ……….. organs.

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જવાબ : analogous


The study of the pattern of chromosomes from parents to the offspring is called ……….. .

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જવાબ : Heredity


The number of paift(s) of sex chromosomes in the zygote of humans is ____________ .

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જવાબ : one


The theory of evolution of species by natural selection was given by ____________ .

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જવાબ : Darwin


Chromosomes are thread like structures in the nucleus of a cell formed of DNA which carriers the ____________ .

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જવાબ : genes


____________ genes are those which decide the appearance of an organism only in the presence of another identical gene.

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જવાબ : Recessive


____________ is the description of genes present in an organism.

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જવાબ : Genotype


Genes always work in ____________ .

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જવાબ : pair


The cut tail of an mice is an ____________ trait.

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જવાબ : acquired


____________ was the British scientist who proposed that life must have developed

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જવાબ : J.B.S Haldane


Acquired variations in somatic traits are not passed from generation to generation. [True/False]

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જવાબ : True


Human height is a trait which shows variations. [True/False]

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જવાબ : True


The formation of new species is called …………..

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જવાબ : Speciation


The earliest members of human species, Homo sapiens can be traced from …………..

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જવાબ : Africa


Human beings and chimpanzees had a ………….. ancestor a long time ago.

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જવાબ : common


Artificial selection of wild cabbage for arrested flower development and for sterile flowers has generated ………….. and ………….. respectively.

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જવાબ : Broccoli, cauliflower


Different structure but same function is a characteristic of ………….. organs.

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જવાબ : analogies


The more characteristics two species will have in common, the more ………….. they are related.

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જવાબ : closely


The notion of ………….. provides diversity without any adaptations.

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જવાબ : genetic drift


Sex of the child is largely ………….. determined in the human beings.

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જવાબ : genetically


The germ cells combine to restore the normal number of ………….. in the progeny.

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જવાબ : chromosomes


Charles Darwin put forth the idea of ………….. selection for the evolution of species.

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જવાબ : natural


How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny?

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જવાબ : Genetically organisms are of types

(I) Haploid: They have single set of chromosomes, where each chromosome is represented singly. As the chromosomes are the bearer of genes so haploids have single set of genes. A single gene determines the expression of character.
(ii) Diploid: ‘they have two sets of homologous chromosomes, where the chromosome occur in pair, one maternal contributed by the mother through her ovum and the second of the pair is contributed by the male parent through his sperm. The resultant cell zygote produces by the fusion of male and female gametes have two sets of chromosomes – each set contributed’ by each parent. In diploids a character is controlled by two genes/factors. Both the father and mother contribute practically equal amount of genetic material to the child. It means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA.


Why are the small numbers of surviving tigers a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics?

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જવાબ : (I) if any natural calamity occurs and kills these small number of surviving tigers, they can become extinct resulting in the loss of some genes forever.
(ii) Small number will lead to little recombination and, therefore, lesser variations. These both are very important for giving better survival chances to the species.
(iii) Less number of species means lesser extent of diversity and lesser number of traits which reduces the chances of adaptability with respect to the change in the environment.


Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction. How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually? [CBSE 2011, 2014]

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જવાબ : During sexual reproduction there is ‘crossing over’ of chromosomes, that gives rise to variations. These variations are inherited and increase the chances of survival of an organism.

  1. In sexual reproduction variations may occur due to errors in DNA copying.
  2. There may be variations due to interchange of homologous chromosomes during crossing over of male and female.
  3. In sexual reproduction, it is not predetermined that which gamete would fuse with another gamete. It depends only on chance. It is also a reason of variation.
    These variations enable the organisms to adapt themselves to the changing conditions and also help to give rise to new species.
If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier?
Answer: As species are asexually reproducing, there would be only very minor differences generated due to small inaccuracies in DNA copying, so trait B, which exists in 60% of the same population may get inherited earlier while trait A, which exists in 10% of the population may be originated late due to variations. Thus, trait B has arisen earlier since it is present in 60% of the same population.


How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny? [CBSE 2011, 2013]

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જવાબ : Genetic material in most organisms is present in pairs of chromosomes. Gametes in the sexually reproducing organisms are formed by the process of meiosis during which half of the genetic material goes into each gamete. When the gametes from male and female parents fuse with each other during sexual reproduction, the normal complement is restored. Half of the genetic material comes from the female and half from the male.


Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships.

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જવાબ : Fossils play important role in providing evolutionary evidences because by knowing the age of fossils we can know about the evolution process of an organism.
For example, a fossil bird called archaeopteryx that looked like a bird had many other features of reptiles. It had feathered wings like those of birds, but teeth and tail like those of reptiles. Archaeopteryx is, therefore, a connecting link between the reptiles and birds, and hence suggests that the birds have evolved from the reptiles.


How are the areas of study-evolution and classification interlinked?
OR
‘Two areas of study namely ‘evolution’ and ‘classification’ are interlinked”. Justify this statement. [AICBSE 2016]

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જવાબ : Classification of organisms is based on relative similarities and differences among organisms. Resemblances in organisms are because they have arisen from a common ancestor and differences in them are due to adaptations to different types of environment. Since the organisms can be graded in order of increasing complexity it indicates at the concept of evolution.


In evolutionary terms, can we say which among bacteria, spiders, fish and chimpanzees have a ‘better’ body design? Why or why not?

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જવાબ : Bacteria are a primitive organism as they came into being very early in evolution. But these organisms are still surviving in the present conditions after millions of years. This is because they have adapted well to the changing environment over these years. Same is the case for all other organisms like spiders, fishes and chimpanzees which have adapted to their environment and have survived. Therefore, all the organisms which exist have a body design which is better as it is suited to their environment.


Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, color and looks said to belong to the same species?

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જવાબ : This is because although genetic makeup of humans may be slightly different in different races of people, there is no reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation differentiates one species from the other. Human beings different in size, color and looks can marry among themselves and produce fertile offspring.


What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution?

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જવાબ : Fossils: Fossils are the remains or traces of a dead organism. These are formed through the formation of sedimentary rocks. They provide following information on the process of evolution.

  1. They tell about the changes that occurred on the earth’s surface and the corresponding organisms.
  2. They tell about the gradual development of complex structured organisms from simple structured organisms.
  3. It is known through them that birds are evolved from reptiles.
  4. They state that angiosperms are developed from pteriodophytes and gymnosperms.
  5. They exhibit the process of human evolution.


What factors would lead to the rise of a new species?

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જવાબ : The factors that would lead to the rise of a new species are the following:

  1. Geographical isolation of a population caused by various types of barriers (such as mountain ranges, rivers and sea). The geographical isolation leads to reproductive isolation due to which there is no flow of genes between separated groups of population.
  2. Genetic drift caused by drastic changes in the frequencies of particular genes by chance alone.
  3. Variations caused in individuals due to a natural selection.


How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive? [AICBSE 2015]

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જવાબ : Mendel took pea plants with contrasting characteristics tall plant and dwarf (or short) plant. On cross pollination, he got all tall plants in first generation (F1). But by the self-pollination of F1 tall plants, the plants of second generation consisted of tall and short pants in the ratio of 3: 1. On the basis of these experiments, the characteristics appeared in first generation were called dominant (i.e. tall plants) and the characteristics that did not appear were called recessive (dwarf i.e. plants).


How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival?

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જવાબ : The variations provide stability to the population of various species by preventing them from getting wiped out during adverse conditions.
The natural environment also changes, and variations in species which become suited to the environment help it to survive.


Only variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

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જવાબ : We agree with the statement that solely variations that confer a plus to a private organism can survive during a population. All the variations don’t have associate equal likelihood of extant within the setting within which they notice themselves. The possibilities of extant rely upon the character of variations. Totally different individuals would have different reasonably benefits. Bacterium which will face up to heat will survive higher during a wave. Choice of variants by environmental factors forms the idea for revolutionary method.


How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny?

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જવાબ : The inheritance of equal parent chromosomes ensures equal genetic contribution within the relative of male and female folk. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes. There is no pairing of all human chromosomes. The primary twenty-two trials are called autonomies out of those twenty-three pairs, and the remaining one pair is also thought to be sex chromosomes drawn as X and Y. Females have an ideal trial of 2 X sex chromosomes and males have an inappropriate trial of 1 X and 1 Y chromosome.

During the replication process, the male germ cell (haploid) fuses with the feminine gamete (haploid) resulting in the formation of the diploid fertilized ovum as the fertilization method takes place. Within the relative, the fertilized ovum receives the associated degree of equal contribution from the oldsters of genetic material. Comparatively twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, the parent contributes twenty-two autonomies and one X or sex chromosome, whereas the feminine parent contributes twenty two autonomies and one chromosome.


Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction. How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually?

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જવાબ : Sexual reproduction causes a lot of viable variations because of the subsequent reasons:

(a) Error in repetition of decoy ribonucleic acid, that don’t seem to be extremely vital.

(b) Random segregation of paternal and maternal body at the time of sex cell formation.

(c) Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes throughout formation of gametes.

(d) Accumulation of variations occurred because of reproduction over generation after generation and choice naturally created wide diversity.

(e) In case of gamogenesis, solely the terribly tiny changes because of inaccuracies in decoy ribonucleic acid copying pass away the relative. Thus, off springs of gamogenesis are a lot of or less genetically just like their folks. So, it will be ended that evolution in sexually reproducing organisms proceeds at a quicker pace than in asexually reproducing organisms.


What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter?

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જવાબ : The evidence of the origin of the inanimate matter in life was provided by Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey’s associate degree experiment conducted in 1953. They assembled an environment in experiment that contained molecules such as ammonia, alkanet series and element sulfide over water, but no chemical element. It was just like the atmosphere on earth that thought it would exist. This was kept at a temperature slightly below 100 ° C and the mixture of gasses to simulate lightning was felt by sparks. At the end of the week, fifteenth of the alkanet series carbon has been regenerated into easy carbon compounds as well as amino acids that form super molecule molecules and support basic life. It was inferred from this that life arose again on earth.


Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships.

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જવાબ : Fossil give evidence about

(a) The organisms that lived way back like the fundamental quantity throughout that they lived, their structure, etc.

(b) Biological process development of species i.e., line of their development.

(c) Connecting links between 2 teams. As an example, feathers gift in some dinosaurs implies that birds are terribly closely associated with reptiles.

(d) That organisms evolved earlier and which later.

(e) Development of complicated body styles from the straightforward body designs.


Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat color in dogs.

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જવાબ : Dogs have a spread of genes that govern coat color. There are a minimum of eleven known sequence series (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, M, P, S, T) that influence coat change dog. A dog inherits one sequence from every of its oldsters. The factor gets expressed within the constitution. As an example, within the B series, a dog is genetically black or brown. Allow us to assume that one parent is homozygous black (BB), whereas the opposite parent is homozygous brown (bb).

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Chapter 9 Image 2

In this case, all the off springs are going to be heterozygous (Bb).

Since black (B) is dominant, all the off springs are going to be black. However, they’re going to have each B and b alleles. If such heterozygous pups are crossed, they’re going to manufacture twenty five homozygous black (BB), fiftieth heterozygous black (Bb), and twenty five homozygous brown (bb) off springs.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Chapter 9 Image 3


Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples.

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જવાબ : Homologous organs are those organs that have the identical basic structural style and origin, however have completely different functions. For example: The forelimbs of humans and also the wings of birds look completely different outwardly however their complex body part is comparable.

Analogous organs are those organs that have the various basic structural style and origin however have similar functions. For example: The wings of birds and insects.


In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with

(a) A Chinese school-boy.

(b) A chimpanzee.

(c) A spider.

(d) A bacterium.

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જવાબ : Correct answer – (b)

Humans and chimpanzees are connected since they belong to the identical order, Primates and same family, Homicide. However, a school going boy is he a person that belongs to homo. This suggests that the characteristics of a college are specifically a dead ringer for people at large.

Hence, in organic process terms, we have a tendency to be specifically almost like a college boy than to Pan Troglodytes.


What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution?

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જવાબ : Fossils are called the preserved remains of animals or plants or other organisms from the distant past. These fossils tell us about a lot of extinct animals and also give insights into how evolution might have occurred. Fossils can be used to build an organism’s evolutionary history. The pattern of fossil distribution gives us an idea of the time in history when various species were formed or become extinct. Fossil also helps trace some animal’s evolutionary history.


Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species are in evolutionary terms.

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જવાબ : Let us take the instance of humans and apes. Each of them has similar body style. Hair and exocrine gland glands are gifting in each the animals. Hence, these 2 animals are closely connected in organic process term. Currently take some common characters between a fish and a person. Rachis, brain box and jaws are gift in each of them. However fish and man look entirely different from one another. Hence, they’re not closely connected in organic process term; rather are like distant relatives.


What factors could lead to the rise of a new species?

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જવાબ : Factors that would cause the increase of a brand new species are as follows:

(a) Natural activity.

(b) Method of genetic drift.

(c) Mutation.

(d) Geographical isolation.

(e) Environmental factors on the isolated populations.

(f) Generative isolation for a protracted time.

(g) Quantum of genetic variant transmissible from one generation to the following generation.


Why are the small numbers of surviving tigers a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics?

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જવાબ : As the tiger population is decreasing sharply, the genetic pool of the tigers is additionally decreasing. This results in a limitation on the variations which will be introduced within the genetic makeup of the tigers. This might need serious implications. For example, if a un-wellness spreads within the tiger population, it would swipe the whole population while not going any survivors. This might even cause their extinction.


What are the different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population?

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જવાબ : An individual attribute could increase in a population within the following 2 ways:-

(a) Natural selection: if an attribute is useful to a population, it’ll increase naturally.

As an example – inexperienced colorize beetles is favorable because it helps them in camouflage against the predators.

(b) Genetic drift: if a population faces AN accident such majority of its members get killed, the remaining members can pass away their traits to the following generations. This may result in a rise of the attribute within the population.


How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?

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જવાબ : Sex of child in humans is set by the sort of male haploid sex cell that fuses with the feminine egg. Throughout meiosis, all the gametes created by females contain solely the X chromosome (A + X), whereas males manufacture 2 varieties of gametes, 1/2 gametes with X- and 1/2 with Y-chromosome (A + X and A + Y). Fertilization of egg (A + X) with sperm cell carrying A+X chromosomes ends up in female descendant (AA + XX). Fertilization of egg (A+ X) with sperm cell carrying A+ Y chromosomes ends up in teenager (AA + XY).


How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently?

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જવાબ : Law of independent assortment tells regarding segregation and distribution of things governing 2 totally different traits. Consequently, genes for the 2 traits gift on separate chromosomes are inheritable severally of every alternative. Throughout hybridization by plant scientist, it had been determined that once 2 pairs of attributes were considered; every trait expressed freelance of the opposite. For example Cross between a plant manufacturing spherical and yellow seeds (RR and YY) crossing with a plant producing wrinkled inexperienced seeds (err and by).

F1 offspring produces spherical and yellow seeds (R and R, and Y and y) during which spherical and yellow are dominant traits. F2 offspring were just like their folks and made spherical yellow seeds, whereas a number of them made wrinkled inexperienced seeds. However, some plants of the F2 offspring even showed new mixtures, like round-green seeds and wrinkled- yellow seeds. The cross quantitative relation of 9:3:3:1led to the Law of freelance Assortment that says regarding independent inheritance of traits.


How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive?

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જવાબ : According to law of dominance, an attribute is painted by 2 contrastive factors of a factor during a heterozygous individual; the allele/factor that may specific itself in heterozygous individual is named as dominant trait. The opposite issue, whose impact is cloaked by presence of dominant factor, is named recessive issue. Once Johann Mendel crossed one tall and one short leguminous plant, all the off springs (F1 generation) were tall. Once he self-crossed the F1 generation, among them 3/4th of the progenies were tall whereas 1/4th were short. So he ended that though the F1 relation had each tall and short traits, solely tall plants were discovered within the F1 generation, this implies that tallness may be a dominant attribute.


A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits – blood group A or O – is dominant ? Why or why not?
 

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જવાબ : This information is not enough. This is because each individual is carrying two alleles. The recessive trait can occur only when who alleles are similar. It blood group A is dominant and O is recessive, then daughter can have blood group O only when both recessive alleles occur together in mother, and father has one allele of O and other of A.


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Column I

Column II

(i) Variation

(A) Reproductive isolation among once inter-breeding population.

(ii) Heredity

(B) Difference in individuals of a species.

(iii) Evolution

(C) Gradual changes to give rise to new species.

(iv) Speciation

(D) Transmission of traits from parents to offsprings.

 

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જવાબ :

(i) (B)
(ii) (D)
(iii) (C)
(iv) (A)

Match the following columns

Column I

Column II

(i) Father of Genetics

(a) Kale

(ii) Origin of species

(b) Fossil

(iii) Wings of bat and butterfly

(c) Classification of organisms

(iv) Eye spots

(d) Kohlrabi

(v) Ammonite

(e) Homologous organs

(vi) Selection for larger leaves

(f) Gregor Mendel

(vii) Evolutionary relationships

(g) Analogous organs

(viii) Selection for swollen parts

(h) Charles Darwin

(ix) Limbs of frog and human

(i) Planaria

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જવાબ :

Column I

Column II

(i) Father of Genetics

(f) Gregor Mendel

(ii) Origin of species

(h) Charles Darwin

(iii) Wings of bat and butterfly

(g) Analogous organs

(iv) Eye spots

(i) Planaria

(v) Ammonite

(c) Classification of organisms

(vi) Selection for larger leaves

(a) Kale

(vii) Evolutionary relationships

(b) Fossil

(viii) Selection for swollen parts

(d) Kohlrabi

(ix) Limbs of frog and human

(e) Homologous organs

a. Transmission of characters from parents to offspring

Traits

b. It is a nucleic acid

Progeny

c. Alternative forms of the same character

Acquired

d. Term used for the offspring of two plants or animals of different species

DNA

 

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જવાબ :

a. Acquired
b. Traits
c. DNA
d. Progeny

  1. They are one of the evidence of evolution

Reproduce

  1.  A term for group of interbreeding organisms

Gene

  1. Segment of DNA which has information for a character

Gene

  1. Traits gained during lifetime

Species

  1. Organisms do this to perpetuate their own kind

Fossil

  1. Traits like earlobe are its example

Inherited

 

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જવાબ :

a. Fossil
b. Species
c. Gene
d. Inherited
e. Reproduce
f. Gene

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