CBSE Solutions for Class 10 English

જવાબ : A body of people who are united by same past, culture, political system and common interests can be defined as a Nation.

જવાબ : The concept of a nation-state was one in which people and rulers of land came together to develop a sense of common identity and shared history.

જવાબ : Plebiscite is a system of direct vote by which the people of a region, themselves decide to accept or reject a proposal.

જવાબ : Unrestricted, despotic and authoritarian monarchial system of rule or government is referred to as absolutism.

જવાબ : Explanation: Monarchy

જવાબ : The mission of the French revolutionaries was to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help people to form nations.

જવાબ : Napoleonic code refers to reforms incorporated in administration to make the system more rational and efficient.

જવાબ : The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria- Hungary. It included the Alpine region of Tyrol, Austria, Sudetenland as well as Bohemia along with Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

જવાબ : Lombardy and Venetia.

જવાબ : Common allegiance to the emperor.

જવાબ : The new social group that came into being in the 19th century comprised of working class and middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals.

જવાબ : The ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity among the educated liberal middle class.

જવાબ : For new middle classes, liberalism Stood for freedom for individual and equality of all before the law.

જવાબ : 19^th century liberals stressed upon inviolability of private property.

જવાબ : Suffrage means the right to vote.

જવાબ : Napoleonic code reduced women to the status of a minor, subjected to the authority of fathers and husbands.

જવાબ : In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of restriction on the movement of goods and capital.

જવાબ : Freedom of markets and abolition of restriction on the movement of goods and capital were strong demands of the emerging middle class in Europe during the 19th century.

જવાબ : The basic philosophy of the conservatives was to preserve the traditional institutions such as church, monarchy, social hierarchies, property and family etc.

જવાબ : The Bourbon dynasty

જવાબ : Nationalism aligned with imperialism.

જવાબ : Russia, Germany, England and Austro- Hungary.

જવાબ : Spread of romantic nationalism and disintegration of Ottoman Empire.

જવાબ : The inhabitants of the regions under the Ottoman Empire like modem-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro were called the Slavs.

જવાબ : It was an allegory of Germany.

જવાબ : nation

જવાબ : An idea expressed in the form of a person or a thing.

જવાબ : The Act of Union 1707 resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain with the incorporation of Scotland.

જવાબ : The English, Welsh, Scot or Irish

જવાબ : Victor Emmanuel II

જવાબ : Chief Minister of Sardinia – Piedmont Cavour

જવાબ : King Victor Emmanuel II

જવાબ : Kaiser William I

જવાબ : Otto von Bismarck

જવાબ : Prussia led the unification of Germany.

જવાબ : Because they resisted the demands of the workers and the artisans.

જવાબ : The Frankfurt Parliament was convened at the Church of St Paul.

જવાબ : It created unemployment and many people from the mral areas started migrating to the cities in search of jobs.

જવાબ : Volksgeist.

જવાબ : Das volk is a German word meaning common people.

જવાબ : They criticised glorification of reason and science.

જવાબ : Johann Gottfried Hardor.

જવાબ : Lord Byron, an English poet, organised funds for the Greek struggle against the Ottoman Empire and also participated in the war.

જવાબ : Duke Mettemich

જવાબ : Louis Philippe 

જવાબ : Mettemich described Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of the social order.

જવાબ : It was Mazzini’s belief that God wanted nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could no longer be a patchwork of small states. It had to take shape of a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.

જવાબ : The European revolutionaries aimed at opposing the monarchial order established after the Vienna Congress and struggle for liberty and freedom.

જવાબ : The liberal nationalists took up the issue of freedom autocratic of press.

જવાબ : The conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic in nature.

જવાબ :

• The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
• When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.

1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
6. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.

જવાબ : Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s:

1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as population from the rural areas migrated to the cities.
2. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine- made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production.
3. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants.

જવાબ : Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Lour ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are:

1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction. For example, Napoleon’s administration was a confederation of 29 states, each of these possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange.
2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
3. In 1834, a customs union or ” zollverein” was formed. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.
4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interest to national unification.

જવાબ : Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
(i) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.

જવાબ : Support the statement with arguments.
Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s:

1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
2. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as population from the rural areas migrated to the cities.
3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production.
4. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
5. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants.

જવાબ :

• The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
• When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.

1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
6. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.

જવાબ : Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in order to make the whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the Napoleonic Code.

1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing equality before law and securing the right to property.
2. Administrative divisions were simplified.
3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords).
4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
6. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new found freedom.
7. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods in particular began to realize that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

જવાબ : During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground.

1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom.
2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary bom in Geneva in 1807. He was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831 and was sent into exile.
4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and Germany.
5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a Democratic Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.

જવાબ : Unification of Germany:
In the 18^th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany. Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers.
(i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.

જવાબ : Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over dynastic states and the multinationals Hamsburg Empire. Italy was divided into seven states. Italian language did not have one common form.
Guiseppe Mazzini had played an important role in the unification of Italy. He formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles, to spread his goals. He believed Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and had to be forged into a single unified republic. During 1830s, Mazzini sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. As uprisings in 1831 and 1848 had failed, the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler Emmanuel II to unify Italy.

જવાબ : Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation.

જવાબ : Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in the growth of nationalism.
(i) Culture. Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.

જવાબ :

• The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
• When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.

1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation.
3. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
5. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
6. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations.

જવાબ : In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital.

1. But in the 19th century Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own currency, and weights and measures.
2. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11 custom barriers and pay 5% duty at each one of them.
3. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming calculations.
   Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free movement of goods, people and capital.

જવાબ : The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed.

જવાબ : The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the following reasons:
(i) Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as the Slavs. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire.

જવાબ : Three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were:

1. The Napoleonic Code —It finished all the privileges based on birth and established equality before law and secured the right to property.
2. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
3. He introduced uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and common national currency to facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one place to another.

જવાબ : The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the revolutionaries were committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom

જવાબ : The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in 18th and 19th centuries in Poland:
(i) Emphasis on vernacular language. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. The use of the Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. For example, In Poland, following armed rebellion against Russian rule, Polish was used for church gatherings and religious instruction. As a result, a number of priests and bishops were put in jails or sent to Siberia as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.

જવાબ : Contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification. Nationalist feelings started spreading amongst the middle class Germans, who in 1848, tried to unite different parts of German confederation into a nation state to have an elected parliamentarian government. However, this liberal movement was repressed by the combined forces of monarchy and military supported by Prussian landowners.

જવાબ :

1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-A, 2-C, 3-B

જવાબ :

1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B

જવાબ :

1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B

જવાબ :

1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C