CBSE Solutions for Class 10 English

જવાબ : The Union Government has the power to legislate on the residuary subjects.

જવાબ : The laws made by the Union Government.

જવાબ : To safeguard and promote unity of the country and to accommodate regional diversity.

જવાબ : The High Court and the Supreme Court can make a decision.

જવાબ : India, Spain and Belgium.

જવાબ : Agriculture, police, public health, land.

જવાબ : Marriage, education, forest, trade unions, adoption and succession.

જવાબ : The USA is an example of coming together federation.

જવાબ : Residuary List.
 

જવાબ : Federal Government.

જવાબ : • Reorganization of states on linguistic basis.
• Centre state relations.
• Decentralisation or any other relevant point.

જવાબ : • Mobilization.
• Administrative knowledge of the people at all the levels.
• Efficacy to solve all kinds of issues at respective levels.

જવાબ : Factors which are responsible for this are-

• Right to equality.
• No discrimination on the basis of caste, creed region or religion.
• SCs & STs have some seats reserved and do get representation.
• Right to freedom of religion and cultural and educational rights.

જવાબ : Apart from politics, there are other factors which help in keeping the federations united. Few of them are culture, ideology and history. Culture of trust, cooperation, mutual respect and restraint has also facilitated in the even functioning of nations. Apart from these, language also plays a very crucial role in keeping federation united especially if a language policy like that of India is adopted

જવાબ : The federal system of government has dual objectives. They are as follows:

• To safeguard and promote the unity of the country.
• To accommodate regional diversity.

જવાબ :

જવાબ : When a certain set of powers are taken away from the central and state governments and are provided to the local government then this process of giving and take is known as decentralization. Before the constitutional amendment of 1992 provisions for conducting regular timely elections were not present. Also, the local bodies did not possess any individual powers and were dependent on state and central government for complete aid.

જવાબ : India is a federal nation and we can call it so because of the following reasons:

• Firstly, the Indian constitution had provided for a two-tier system of the government which was later upgraded to three tiers after addition of panchayats and municipalities.
• Secondly, the constitution has also divided the powers almost uniformly and distributed it in the form of three lists the union, the state and the concurrent list.

જવાબ : When none of the leading political parties can secure their ruling position alone then two or more than two parties come together to form a political alliance which can be termed as a coalition. For example, our current government led by BJP is also a coalition of the head party along with 45 other parties.

જવાબ : The three-fold distribution of legislative power between the union government and the state government as provided by the constitution contains three lists mentioned as follows: Union list: This list has a power related to subjects of national importance like that of finance, defence etc. and the power of decision-related to this subjects lies with the central government only as a unified policy system is required for all these subjects. State list: This list provides powers related to subjects that are of local importance like agriculture, trade commerce etc. and these powers lies with the state government. Concurrent list: This list provides powers related to subjects like marriage, forests etc. and decisions related to these subjects can be taken by both central and state government.

જવાબ : Originally our constitution provided only a two-tier system which consisted of the Central or Union government and state governments. However, later a third tier was added consisting of the municipalities and the panchayats. All these three tires enjoy separate jurisdiction and a clear distribution of power.

જવાબ : In case of a coming together federation, all constituent states customarily have equal power and are strong concerning the federal government. In a joining together federation the central government inclines to be more powerful concerning the states i.e. often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers and some units are granted special powers.

જવાબ : There are mainly two kinds of roots through which federations are formed. They are as follows:

• The first root encompasses of autonomous states coming together on their own to form a larger unit so that by heaving sovereignty and recollecting identity they can upsurge their security. This kind of coming together federation is seen in countries like the USA, Switzerland and Australia.
• The second route is where a country chooses to distribute its power between the constituent states and the national government. India, Spain, Belgium are a few examples of this type of federation.

જવાબ : Federalism can be defined as an arrangement of government in which the power is distributed between the central authority and various constituent units of the country. It has usually two levels of government both of which enjoy individual power. The two governments are:

• Firstly, the administration for the entire country that is responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.
• The next is the government at the level of province or state that is responsible for the daily administration of the state matters.

જવાબ : Belgium

જવાબ : Federal

જવાબ : Sri Lanka

જવાબ : Federalism

જવાબ : 25

જવાબ : Unitary

જવાબ : Legislation, administration, taxation

જવાબ : Mutual trust, agreement to live together

જવાબ : Coming together and Holding together federations

જવાબ : Jurisdiction

જવાબ : Defence, Foreign Affairs, Banking

જવાબ : Commerce, Agriculture, Irrigation

જવાબ : Residuary subjects

જવાબ : Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh

જવાબ : Article 371

જવાબ : Chandigarh, Lakshadweep

જવાબ : Judiciary

જવાબ : Pokhran

જવાબ : Nagaland, Jharkhand

જવાબ : 21

જવાબ : Bengali

જવાબ : Zilla Parishad

જવાબ : Municipality, Mayor

જવાબ : Collector, District magistrate

જવાબ : Jammu Kashmir

જવાબ : Union of states

જવાબ : (i) In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.

જવાબ : (i) The local urban bodies have been created for the towns and big cities. The towns or small cities have municipalities. Big cities are constituted into municipal corporations. Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives.

જવાબ : Gram Sabha is one of the three main bodies of the panchayat system. It consists of all adult men and women in a village. Its functions are-

• The panchayat works under the overall supervision of the gram sabha.
• It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review the performance of the gram panchayat.
• If not satisfied with the work of the panchayat, it has the power to remove its members by a vote of no-confidence.

જવાબ : Zilla Parishad is the highest institution of the panchayati raj system.
Composition: All the panchayat samities or mandals in a district together constitute the zilla parishad. Most members of the zilla parishad are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also its members. Zilla Parishad chairperson is the political head of the zilla parishad.

જવાબ :

• India is a vast country and cannot be run only through the two-tiers (the Union Government, rep-resenting the entire country and the state governments).
• States in India are as large as independent countries of Europe. Many of these states are internally very diverse.
• Federal power sharing in India needs another tier of government, below that of the State governments, in order to solve the grassroot problems more efficiently and quickly.

જવાબ : Rural local government is popularly known by the name Panchayati raj. The panchayati raj is a three there system. In other words, we can say that panchayati raj system works at three levels

જવાબ : The basic idea behind decentralization:
• Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level because people have better knowledge of their local problems.
• It helps in promoting direct participation.

Structure of Rural Local Government:
• Zila Parishad: All the mandals in a district together constitute the Zila Parishad. Most of the members are elected and headed by a chairperson.
• Panchayat Samiti or Mandal or Block: The members of this body are elected by the entire panchayat members in that area. A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form this government body.
• Gram Panchayat: A council consisting of several ward members often called Panch. The president is called sarpanch. It is the decision-making body for the entire village.

જવાબ : • India had emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody partition.
• Soon after independence several princely states become a part of the country.
• The constitution declared India as a Union of States.
• Although it did not use the word federation, the Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism.
• India is fulfilling all the requirements which are required for a federal country.

જવાબ : • Decentralization: When power is taken from central and state governments and is given to local government, it is called decentralization. The Constitution was amended in 1992 to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

• Provisions of the Constitutional Amendment of 1992 are:

(i) Now it is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
(ii) Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for SCs, STs and OBCs.
(iii) At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
(iv) An independent institution called State Election Commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
(v) The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.

જવાબ :

1. Federal power sharing is more effective because of the nature of democratic politics in India. It has ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together have become a shared ideal in our country.
2. Federal power sharing has helped to inculcate a habit of democratic participation. Federal power sharing is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely local self-government. Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen democracy.
   • It has increased women’s representation and voice in democracy.
   • Federal power sharing has led to formation of linguistic states which has actually made the country more united. It has also made administration easier.
   • It reduces the power of the Central government and gives power to regional governments.

જવાબ : Rural Local Government is known by the name of Panachayati Raj/ Democratic decentralization.

• Each village or group of villages has a Gram Panchayat.
• Panch, President or Sarpanch are directly elected by all the adult population of the village and is the decision-making body.
• The Panchayat works under the supervision of Gram Sabha, with all the voters as its members.
• The local structure goes up to the district level—a group of Gram Panchayats form a Panchayat Samiti or Block or Mandal.
• All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals together constitute the Zilla Parishad which consists of elected members.
• Lok Sabha members, Local MLAs and officers are also members of the Zilla Parishad.
• Its Chairperson is the political head of the Parishad.

• Municipalities are set up in towns.
• Big cities are constituted into Municipal Corporations.
• Both are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives.
• Municipal chairperson is the political head of the Municipality.
  The head of Municipal Corporation is an officer called the Mayor.

જવાબ : Major steps towards decentralisation taken in 1992 are:

1. Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to Local Government bodies.
2. Seats are reserved in elected bodies for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes (OBCs).
3. Atleast one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
4. The State Election Commission was created to conduct Panchayat and Municipal elections.
5. The State Governments are required to share some powers and revenue with Local Government bodies.

જવાબ :

1. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.
2. The formation of linguistic states united the country and made administration easier.
3. The leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. Hindi was identified as official language.
4. The banning of use of English for official purposes in 1965 took a violent form in Tamil Nadu. The Central Government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes.
5. Promotion of Hindi is an official policy of the Government of India but it does not impose Hindi on states where people speak a different language.
6. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as scheduled languages by the Constitution.
7. This flexibility shown by Indian leaders helped our country avoid the situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in.

જવાબ : The Constitution declared India as a Union of States based on the principles of federalism. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union or the Central Government representing Union of India and the State Governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities.

1. Union List includes subjects of national importance, i.e., defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.
2. State List contains subjects of state and local importance, i.e., police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation.
3. Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, i.e., education, forests, trade unions, marriages, adoption and succession.
   In case of dispute, law made by the Union Government shall prevail.
4. Residuary—Subjects which do not fall in any of the three lists, i.e., computer software, etc. Union Government has the power to legislate such subjects.
   • As India is an example of ‘holding together’ federation, all states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers. Some states enjoy special status such as Jammu & Kashmir. There are some states too small to become independent like the Union Territories of Chandigarh and Lakshadweep.
   • This sharing of power between the Union Government and State Governments is basic to the structure of the Constitution. Any change to it, has to be passed by both the Houses of the Parliament with at least two-third majority.
   • The judiciary plays an important role in the implementation of constitutional procedures. In case of any dispute about division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision.

જવાબ : Features of federalism:

1. There are two or more levels of government.
2. Different levels of government govern the same citizens, where each level has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3. Existence and authority of each level of government is constitutionally governed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and powers of the different levels of government. The highest court acts as the umpire if any dispute arises between different levels of governments.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
7. Federal system has dual objectives. To safeguard and promote unity of the country, and to accommodate regional diversity.

જવાબ : Reasons for success of federalism in India are:

1. Clearly laid out Constitutional Provisions providing a three-fold distribution of powers in the three lists—Union List, State List and Concurrent List—between the Union Government and State Governments.
2. The nature of democratic politics in our country which ensures that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal.
3. The creation of linguistic states. Boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Later some states were created to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.
   For example: Nagaland, Uttrakhand, Jharkhand, Telangana, etc.
4. Restricting Centre-State relations. The constitutional arrangements for sharing power work depending on how the ruling parties and leaders follow these arrangements. For a long time, the same party ruled both at the Centre and in most of states. Post-1990 saw the rise of regional parties. Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the national parties had to enter into an alliance which led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for autonomy of State Governments.

જવાબ : Major steps towards decentralisation and strengthening of third tier taken in 1992 were:

1. Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to Local Government bodies.
2. Seats are reserved in elected bodies for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes (OBCs).
3. Atleast one-third of all positions and seats are reserved for women.
4. An independent institution called the State Election Commission was created to conduct Panchayat and Municipal elections.
5. The State Governments are required to share some powers and revenue with Local Government bodies.

જવાબ : (i) ‘Coming together’ federations—This agreement induces independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security.
Examples are: USA, Switzerland and Australia. All the constituent states have equal power and are strong vis-a-vis the federal government.

જવાબ : India comes under ‘a holding together’ type federation. In this type of federation, a large country divides its power between the constituent States and the National government. There is one government for the entire country and the others are governments at the State level. Both Central and State Governments enjoy their power independent of the other.

જવાબ : Five advantages of decentralisation of power:

1. When power is taken away from Central and State Governments and given to local governments, it is called decentralisation. The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
2. They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more efficiently.
3. Besides, at the local level, it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation.
4. Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely local self¬government.
5. The need for decentralisation was recognised in our Constitution. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. The Constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

જવાબ :

1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B

જવાબ :

1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-C, 3-A

જવાબ :

1-C, 2-A, 3-B

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-A, 2-C, 3-B

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-C, 3-A

જવાબ :

1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D