CBSE Solutions for Class 10 English

જવાબ : False

જવાબ : False

જવાબ :

1. Trade in goods
2. Labor i.e. the migration of people in search of work
3. Movement of capital for short and long term investments over long distances.

જવાબ : (i) The British Government built a network of irrigation canals to convert semi-desert wastelands into fertile agricultural areas where wheat and cotton could be grown for export.  (ii) The 'canal colonies' were settled by the farmers from other parts of Punjab.

જવાબ : (i) Poverty and hunger were common in Europe.  (ii) Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread. (iii) Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted.

જવાબ : (i) Europeans were attracted due to the resources of land and minerals of Africa.  (ii) They came to Africa to establish plantations and exploit mines.  (iii) African countries were militarily weak and backward. So, it was easy to conquer them.

જવાબ : (i) Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.  (ii) It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.  (iii) Arabs traders took pasta to fifth-century Sicily, an island now in Italy.  (iv) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors and were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.

જવાબ : (i) Agents did convince migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions. (ii) Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants.  (iii) On arrival at the plantations, labourers found living and working conditions harsh, and there were few legal rights.

જવાબ : (i) Food could be imported into Britain at much cheaper rate than it would be produced within the country. (ii) British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries. (iii) As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore more food imports.

જવાબ : (i) Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.  (ii) Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia.  (iii) In return, precious metals such as gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

જવાબ : Tariff is a tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. These are levied at the point of entry, i.e., at the border or the airport.

જવાબ : Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies, for example the Indian rupee, was pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $35 per ounce of gold.

જવાબ : G-77 was a group formed by the developing countries to demand a new international economic order.

જવાબ : The flow of labour mean the migration of people in search of employment.

જવાબ : Rinderpest is a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague that had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy in Africa during 1890s.

જવાબ : After the Corn Laws were abolished, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.

જવાબ : Indentured Labour is a bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.

જવાબ : The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the ‘Corn Laws’.

જવાબ : The disease named smallpox proved deadly killer for America’s original inhabitants.

જવાબ : Hunger and Poverty were common in Europe until the nineteenth century.

જવાબ : Cowries are seashells, used as a currency in olden days.

જવાબ : 1920s

જવાબ : It was a deadly cattle disease. It spread in Africa in 1880s.

જવાબ : Pasta

જવાબ : Assembly line

જવાબ : Germs

જવાબ : In search of better future.

જવાબ : Ireland’s poorest peasants become so independent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potatoes crop in the mid 1840s hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

જવાબ : Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies, sweet potatoes were not known to our ancestors.

જવાબ : 1929-1930

જવાબ : Henry Ford

જવાબ : He was a writer, whose forefather migrated as indentured worker.

જવાબ : Britain, France and Russia

જવાબ : Corn Laws

જવાબ : Smallpox

જવાબ : Post war international economic system

જવાબ : Bonded Labour

જવાબ : Irrigated areas

જવાબ : Noodles

જવાબ : Cattle plague

જવાબ : El Doeodo

જવાબ : Henry Ford

જવાબ : V. S. Naipaul

જવાબ : 1929

જવાબ : Cattle disease in Africa

જવાબ : South America

જવાબ : Garibaldi was known as the Bismarck of Italy.

જવાબ : Christopher Colombes

જવાબ : Silk Route

જવાબ : Flow of Knowledge

જવાબ : The Bretton Woods was a framework designed at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. It resulted into the formation of the International Monetary Fund to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations and the World Bank to finance post war reconstruction.

જવાબ : Economists and politicians learnt two key lessons from inter-war economic experiences during the Second World War:

1. An industrial society based on mass production cannot be sustained without mass consumption. But to ensure mass consumption, there was a need for high and stable incomes. Income could be stable if employment was stable. So stable incomes and employment were needed.
2. Markets could not guarantee full employment. Therefore, Government would need to check fluctuations of prices and provision of employment. Economic stability can be ensured with the interference of the Government.
3. The second lesson was a country’s economic links with the outside world. The goal of full employment could only be achieved if Government had power to control flow of goods, capital and labour.

જવાબ : The routes on which cargoes carried Chinese silk to the west were known as ‘Silk routes’.
(i) Historians have discovered several silk routes over land and by sea, covering vast regions of Asia and connecting Asia with Europe and North Africa. Even pottery from China, textile and spices from India and South Asia also travelled the same route.

જવાબ : Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death.
Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato.

જવાબ :

1. Foods such as potato which were unknown before were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent known as the Americas.
2. Sometimes the new crops like potato could make the difference between life and death. It was with the introduction of the humble potato that Europe’s poor began to eat well, eat better and live longer.
3. Ireland’s poor peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when the potato crop was destroyed by disease in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands of peasants died of starvation.

જવાબ : The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial requirements of industrial countries. They were known as the Bretton Woods Twins. They were not equipped to deal with the challenges of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies. Fortunately, Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economies and grew less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank.

જવાબ : The Second World War caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption. To preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world a Conference was held in 1944 at Bretton Woods, USA. The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Popularly known as World Bank) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations and to finance post-war reconstruction.

જવાબ : There were several factors that had caused the ‘Depression’. Some of those were as follows:
(i) Agricultural Overproduction. Agricultural overproduction remained a problem. Falling of agricultural prices had made it even worse. As the prices fell, the agricultural income declined. To meet this situation, farmers brought larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their small income. The excessive supply couldn’t be sold due to lack of buyers and farm produce rotted.

જવાબ : The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s. During this period, there were catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural regions and communities were worst affected due to the great fall of agricultural prices.

જવાબ : The industrial world was hit by unemployment that began rising from the mid 1970s and remained till 1990s. From the late 1970s, MNCs began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries. New Economic policies in China and collapse of the Soviet Union and communication in Eastern Europe brought many countries back into the world economy.

જવાબ : (i) The formation of the G-77 was a response to certain changes in the international financial system proposed by the Bretton Woods Conference. The IMF and the World Bank (Bretton Woods Twins) were designed to meet the financial requirements of industrial countries. Although there was unprecedented growth in the West and Japan, nothing was done about the poverty and lack of development in the countries which were earlier colonies.

જવાબ : Christopher Columbus discovered the vast continent that later came to be known as America. With the discovery of America, started the cultural exchange with the original inhabitants of a vast continent.

1. Foods like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, which were not known to people of other continents, were introduced there and became a part of their daily diet.
2. Precious metals, particularly silver from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico, also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.
3. Slave trade started. European traders captured slaves in Africa and took them to America, where they worked on plantations. Europe became the centre of World trade.
4. Religious dissenters were persecuted in Europe. Thousands, therefore fled Europe for America.
5. From the sixteenth century, America’s vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.

જવાબ :

• Trade flourished and market expanded in the late 19th century. But this was not only a period of expanding trade and increased property (wealth). There was a darker side to this process.
• In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade and a close relationship with the world economy also meant a loss of freedom and livelihoods.
• Late 19th century European conquests produced many painful economic, social and ecological changes through which colonised societies were brought into the world economy.
• In Africa in the 1890s a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on peoples livelihoods and local economy.
• The example of indentured labour migration from the colonies also shows the two-sided nature of the 19th century world. A world of economic growth as well as misery, higher incomes for some and poverty for others, technological advances along with new forms of coercion.

જવાબ : Britain, world’s leading economy in the pre-war period, faced a prolonged crisis:

1. To finance war expenditure, Britain had borrowed liberally from US. This meant that at the end of the war, Britain was burdened with huge external debts.
2. The war had disturbed Britain’s position of dominance in the Indian market. In India, the Nationalist Movement had gathered strength and anti-British feeling had become stronger among common people. Promotion of Indian industries had become one of the objectives of the Nationalist leaders, which adversely affected industries in Britain.
3. There was widespread increase in unemployment coupled with decrease in agricultural and industrial production. Cotton production collapsed and export of cotton from Britain fell dramatically.
4. Unable to modernize, Britain was finding it difficult to compete with U.S., Germany and Japan internationally.

જવાબ :

• In the late 19th century, Europeans were attracted to Africa due to its vast resources of land and minerals.
• Europeans came to Africa hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals which they could export to Europe.
• The loss of cattle disease destroyed African livelihoods. Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolised what scare cattle resources remained to force Africans into the labour market.
• African countries were militarily weak and backward. So they were in no position to resist military aggression by European states. Thus it was easy for European states to conquer them and establish colonies.

જવાબ : The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s. During this period, there were catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural regions and communities were worst affected due to the great fall of agricultural prices.

જવાબ : Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer with the introduction of the humble potato.
Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on the potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

જવાબ : The two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century are as follows:

• Food articles like spaghetti or noodles are believed to have been taken to the west from China. There is a myth that pasta was taken to Sicily by Arab traders in the fifth century. Other food items like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes etc were transported to Europe from America.
• Things like Chinese silk, pottery, Indian textiles and spices that were carried to Africa and Europe in exchange of gold and silver.

જવાબ : It is said that during the colonization of America by Portuguese and Spanish, weapons were not used to get control over the area. It was due to the germs of smallpox which were carried by the invaders to America. Americans had lived a life of isolation for long so they were not immune to the germs of smallpox. This led to the death of large number of people in America, clearing the way for its invaders.

જવાબ : Due to the increase in the population of Britain during eighteenth century, the demand for the food grains rose. As there was Corn Law prevailing in the country that banned the import of corn into the country, the price of the food grains rose. All this led to a situation of difficulty for the residents. Soon, the British government was forced to abolish the law in order to fill the shortfall of crop. This led to availability of food grains in the country at nominal prices.

જવાબ : The impact of technology on food availability can  be seen through the following instances:

• With the coming of faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships, transport of food became cheaper and quicker to far off places.
• The manufacture of ships with refrigerators enabled us to transport perishable foods like meat to long distances in large quantities and at lower prices.

જવાબ : Rinderpest is a cattle plague. In Africa the population was very less and most of them were dependent on their land and cattle for their livelihoods. So, when Africa was invaded by the Europeans none of the Africans were ready to work for daily wages. Rinderpest entered Africa with the Asian cattle that were taken there to feed the Italians. This causes the death of almost 90% of African cattle. As the residents were not left with any option to earn livelihood they were forced by the situation to work for wages in the plantations and mines of Europeans.

જવાબ :

1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B

જવાબ :

1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B

જવાબ :

1-A, 2-C, 3-B

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A

જવાબ :

1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C

જવાબ :

1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D